四种园林植物对遮荫的生理响应及耐荫性评价

以茶梅‘小玫瑰’、冠盖藤、聚花过路黄和兰花三七4种园林植物1年生苗为试验材料,遮荫处理4个月,研究不同遮荫处理(全光照、遮荫65%、遮荫80%和遮荫95%)对植株生长及生理生化指标的影响,并用隶属函数分析法对4种植物的耐荫性进行了综合评价。结果表明:茶梅‘小玫瑰’、兰花三七在4种遮荫处理下,4个月后株高均有所增长,但冠幅表现为在遮荫65%和遮荫80%条件下,均有一定的增长,在全光照和遮荫95%条件下为先增长后减小的趋势,冠盖藤覆盖度也出现此现象,聚花过路黄在4种条件下均能生长良好。随着遮荫度增加,4种植物叶片的叶绿素a、b以及叶绿素a+b含量均为先增后减,均高于对照,叶绿素a/b值总体呈现降低趋势;可溶性蛋白质含量均有所降低;相对电导率表现为冠盖藤为先降后增,其余3种植物均为增加的趋势;MDA含量表现为兰花三七为先降后增,其余3种植物均为降低的趋势;POD活性和SOD活性表现为先增后降,除冠盖藤SOD活性表现为先降后增。隶属函数分析法综合评价4种植物的耐荫性,耐荫性顺序为兰花三七>聚花过路黄>冠盖藤>茶梅‘小玫瑰’。     

耐低氮糜子品种的筛选及农艺性状的综合评价

【目的】探明耐低氮糜子品种的评价方法,筛选耐低氮糜子基因型材料及鉴定指标,为耐低氮品种的选育和耐低氮生理机制的研究提供理论依据。【方法】采用大田试验,以来自国内外100份糜子品种为材料,在低氮胁迫（0纯氮）和正常施氮（150 kg·hm^-2纯氮）处理下,连续2年进行株高、茎粗、主茎节数、穗长、草重、单株穗重、单株粒重、千粒重、叶面积9个主要农艺性状和氮含量、氮素吸收共11个指标的测定,采用隶属函数法计算各指标耐低氮胁迫指数,通过主成分分析、回归分析与聚类分析评价各糜子品种的综合耐低氮能力。【结果】供试品种在不同氮水平条件下的株高、茎粗、主茎节数、穗长、草重、单株穗重、单株粒重、千粒重、叶面积、氮含量、氮素吸收均存在显著差异;低氮胁迫下,糜子的生长、生物量积累和氮素吸收受到抑制,各性状指标明显下降,变化范围幅度降低,各农艺指标降低幅度排序依次为叶面积>草重>单株粒重>单株穗重>茎粗>主茎节数>穗长>千粒重>株高,不同糜子品种籽粒的氮含量和氮素吸收均降低,降低幅度为氮素吸收>氮含量;低氮胁迫下,不同糜子品种的株高、茎粗、主茎节数、穗长、草重、单株穗重、单株粒重的变异系数大于正常施氮水平各指标的变异系数;不同氮水平下,不同糜子籽粒氮素吸收的变异系数高于氮含量的变异系数,且低氮胁迫的氮素吸收的变异系数高于正常施氮处理。对11个指标的耐低氮胁迫指数进行主成分分析,选择了5个主成分,累积方差贡献率达75.83%;株高、穗长、草重、单株穗重、单株粒重、单株叶面积、氮吸收量的耐低氮胁迫指数与耐低氮综合评价值（D）的相关性均达极显著水平,其中,单株穗重、单株粒重、氮吸收量的相关性较高,其相关系数分别为0.858、0.812和0.812;根据耐低氮综合评价D值,通过聚类分析将100份糜子品种划分为耐低氮型、中间型和不耐低氮型3种类型。【结论】单株穗重、草重、氮吸收量等指标作为糜子耐低氮能力评价的首选指标;榆糜3号、2058、榆黍1号、雁黍7号4个品种耐低氮能力最强。     

金华市单季稻主栽品种对稻曲病的田间抗性评价

2016年采用自然诱发方法测定了金华市10个单季稻主栽品种稻曲病的发病情况,并对其抗性进行了评价。结果表明,深两优5814、甬优17、春优84、中浙优8号、甬优1540、丰两优香1号和Y两优2号对稻曲病的抗性较好,而甬优15、甬优9号、浙优18的抗性较差。     

Evaluation of wheat and emmer varieties for artisanal baking,pasta making,and sensory quality

Identifying varieties best suited to local food systems requires a comprehensive understanding of varietal performance from field to fork. After conducting four years of field trials to test which varieties of ancient, heritage, and modern wheat grow best on organically managed land, we screened a subset of varieties for bread, pastry, pasta, and cooked grain quality. The varieties evaluated were three lines of emmer (T. turgidum L. ssp. dicoccum Schrank ex Schübl) and eleven lines of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), including two modern soft wheat varieties, four soft heritage wheat varieties, four hard modern wheat varieties, and one hard heritage wheat variety. A diverse group of bakers, chefs, researchers, and consumers compared varieties for qualities of interest to regional markets. Participants assessed differences in sensory profiles, pasta making ability, and baking quality for sourdough, matzah crackers, yeast bread, and shortbread cookies. In addition to detecting significant differences among varieties for pasta, sourdough, and pastry quality, participants documented variation in texture and flavor for the evaluated products. By demonstrating which varieties perform best in the field, in the bakery, and on our taste buds, these results can support recommendations that strengthen the revival of local grain economies.     

基于雷达图分析法初步评价稻米食昧品质的研究

本研究建立了一种基于雷达图分析稻米食味评价的新方法.该方法选择胶稠度、碱消值、粒型、直链淀粉含量和蛋白质含量等5个对稻米食味品质影响较大的理化指标作为雷达图分析的评价指标.各个评价指标经无量纲化处理后用于绘制雷达图.为消除指标排列顺序不同引起的差异,本文采用雷达图的平均周长和平均面积作为特征向量构建评价参数,并对10个参试样品的食味品质进行综合评价.结果表明,采用本文建立的雷达图分析法得到的食味评价排序与常规感官评价法的排序基本一致,表明本文建立的雷达图分析法适用于稻米食昧品质的初步评价.     

大豆种质资源对大豆胞囊线虫3号生理小种的抗性评价

2006-2014年,应用病土盆栽方法,对来自于12个省(市)的779份大豆种质资源进行了大豆胞囊线虫3号生理小种的抗病性鉴定。鉴定材料来源于吉林省539份、黑龙江省58份、辽宁省51份、山西省16份、内蒙古17份、河北省10份、北京市42份、安徽省5份、广西壮族自治区14份、河南省17份、山东省6份、江苏省4份。从中选出19份抗病种质,占鉴定总数的2.44%,分别是FY001-3、W93155、JH229、HJ01-1900、W94128-8、YX04-6561、W7491、W201102-25、Q30、Q31、HK6、HK7、BN9、CM2008-12、JY407、Q32、Q28、Q33、BN10,按抗病种质在各省份鉴定材料中所占的比例来看,山东省大豆种质抗病比例最高,占83.33%,其次是黑龙江省占15%。这些品种(系)的农艺性状优良,可直接作为抗性亲本应用于育种。     

An economically based evaluation index for perennial and short‐term ryegrasses in New Zealand dairy farm systems

Grazed pastures based on ryegrass species provide most of the feed for dairy cattle in New Zealand. There are many cultivars of perennial (Lolium perenne), annual and Italian (L. multiflorum), and hybrid (L. boucheanum) ryegrasses available for dairy farmers to use in pasture renewal. This study describes an index which ranks ryegrass cultivars relative to a genetic base according to the estimated economic value (EV) of seasonal dry matter (DM) traits. A farm system model was used to derive EVs (Grazed pastures based on ryegrass species provide most of the feed for dairy cattle in New Zealand. There are many cultivars of perennial (Lolium perenne), annual and Italian (L. multiflorum), and hybrid (L. boucheanum) ryegrasses available for dairy farmers to use in pasture renewal. This study describes an index which ranks ryegrass cultivars relative to a genetic base according to the estimated economic value (EV) of seasonal dry matter (DM) traits. A farm system model was used to derive EVs ($ ha^?1 calculated as change in operating profit divided by unit change of the trait) for additional DM produced in different seasons of the year in four regions. The EV of early spring DM was consistently high across all regions, whereas EV for late spring DM was moderate to low. Genotype × environment analysis revealed significant reranking of DM yield among ryegrass cultivars across regions. Hence, separate performance values (PVs) were calculated for two mega‐environments and then combined with the corresponding season and region EV to calculate the overall EV for twenty‐three perennial ryegrass and fifteen short‐term ryegrass cultivars. The difference in operating profit between the highest ranked and lowest ranked perennial ryegrass cultivar ranged from $556 ha^?1 to $863 ha^?1 year^?1 depending on region. For short‐term ryegrasses used for winter feed, the corresponding range was $394 to $478 ha^?1 year^?1. Using PV for DM yield, it was estimated that plant improvement in perennial ryegrass has added $12–$18 ha^?1 year^?1 (depending on region) operating profit on dairy farms since the mid‐1960s.     

基于“3S”技术的辽宁省某尾矿库扩容工程生态影响预测与评价

以辽宁省某尾矿库为例,基于GIS技术,利用2010年的TM遥感影像及地形图,预测该尾矿库扩容后的生态影响。分析结果显示:尾矿库扩容工程对生态的影响主要体现在土地利用、植被、生态景观和地形地貌的变化4个方面。     

基于评价模型的宁夏沙土春玉米最佳灌水施氮量研究

为分析不同水氮供应对宁夏沙土春玉米主要评价指标的影响,采用灌水和施氮2因素交互设计,灌水量设置3个水平(W0.6(0.6KcET0)、W0.8(0.8KcET0)和W1.0(KcET0),Kc为作物系数,ET0为潜在作物蒸发蒸腾量),施氮量设量4个水平:N150(150 kg/hm2)、N225(225 kg/hm2)、N300(300 kg/hm2)和N375(375 kg/hm2),进行了大田试验。结果表明:灌水量和施氮量的交互作用对产量、水分利用效率(WUE)和氮肥偏生产力(PFPN)有极显著影响,对地上部干物质累积量和籽粒氮素累积量有显著影响;在相同灌水条件下,春玉米地上部干物质累积量、产量、WUE均随施氮量的增加先增加后减小。主成分分析法、隶属函数分析法、灰色关联度分析法与基于组合赋权的TOPSIS模型两两之间具有良好的相关性,各模型之间相关系数均值为0.465～0.787;基于整体差异组合评价模型得出W0.8N300评价值最高。考虑试验区年际降雨量分布不均,经回归分析拟合得出,当春玉米生育期内灌水量与有效降雨量之和为544 mm、施氮量为260 kg/hm2时,春玉米综合指标评价值最高(1.47),为适宜的春玉米滴灌灌水施肥量。本研究可为沙土地区春玉米滴灌施肥过程中水氮科学管理提供指导依据。     

4个国外接骨木属种质资源引种与生物学特性研究

为探讨4个接骨木品种在河南省郑州地区的引种表现及适应性,2015—2019年定期观测引种的‘金叶’、‘金羽’、‘花叶’、‘紫云’4个国外接骨木品种,采用层次分析法进行性状评价。研究结果表明,露地栽培中,引种的4个接骨木品种均可在郑州地区正常生长、开花、结果。4个接骨木品种均生长健壮,枝繁叶茂,花期较长,较耐低温。以观赏性、适应性、生长特性权重分配分别为0.4、0.3、0.3进行综合分析评价,综合分值表现为‘金叶’接骨木>‘花叶’接骨木>‘金羽’接骨木>‘紫云’接骨木。由此可见,4种接骨木均具有较高的观赏价值和适应性,可广泛用于郑州地区城市园林绿化和美化。